Spina Bifida
WHAT IS SPINA BIFIDA?
Spina bifida is a developmental congenital disorder. In this condition, one or more spinal vertebrae overlying the spine do not fully form and remain open after birth [Figure 1].
Figure 1
CATEGORIES OF SPINA BIFIDA:
1. Spina Bifida Occulta:
Spina bifida occulta is the mildest and most common form of spina bifida. In spina bifida occulta a small outer portion of the vertebra is not completely closed. The open area of the bone is small and therefore the spinal cord and nerves do not protrude. Most people with this mild form of spina bifida do not even know it and it is commonly seen on routine lumbar x-rays [Figure 2]. In most cases spina bifida occulta does not require any specific treatment.
Figure 2
2. Spina Bifida Cystica:
In spina bifida cystica a cyst protrudes through the defect where the bone did not completely form. This cyst may contain spinal fluid which may result in hydrocephalous, a condition with increased swelling and pressure on the brain or certain neurologic defects.
3. Meningocele:
Meningocele is the least common form of spina bifida. In a meningocele the vertebrae develop normally, without gap. However, the fat covering the spinal cord and nerve roots balloon through normal gaps within the vertebrae. Most patients with meningocele do not have significant long term health difficulties as a result of the condition. However, it is important to monitor for the possibility of neurologic symptoms [Figure 3].
Figure 3:
4. Myelomeningocele:
Myelomeningocele is the most serious form of spina bifida. In this condition the spinal cord protrudes through the unfused portion of the spinal canal. This portion of the protruding spinal cord and nerves may be damaged or lead to neurologic symptoms including paralysis or numbness. Myelomeningocele is associated with other spinal abnormalities and requires close observation and treatment.
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